Every year, tens of trillions of dollars of debt, from government bonds to CLO tranches, are priced, regulated, and invested based on opinions issued by just three firms. Together, S&P Global Ratings, Moody’s Investors Service, and Fitch Ratings form one of the most powerful and concentrated oligopolies in global finance.

Introduction Efficient use of capital is key to creating value in a company. One of the most important metrics for this is Return on Invested Capital (ROIC), which   shows how much   profit a company makes for each dollar invested . Despite its importance, many companies don't prioritize improving their ROIC. ROIC is a crucial factor in driving corporate performance and stock prices. While growth in revenue and profits also impact stock prices, ROIC is more important because

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